Macro and Micro Environmental Forces Essay

External factors are usually divided into micro and macro environment. Macro environment is about external higher order forces which do not affect an organization dealing as yet or directly but may do so in the future. External factors may include; economic, technological, competition, political/legal, and social-cultural factors. Political factors; these are factors that relates to political system and political instability of countries where Nokia Company wish to market its products i. e. Nokia 5800XpressMusic and its music features. This will involve scrutinizing the system of government that such target countries have adopted. Nokia will therefore need to decide whether to invest in communist or capitalist countries after careful consideration of each political system in terms of carrying out business in the chosen country of interest. It is recommended that Nokia Company should invest in those countries with flexible capitalist political systems because it allows labour, capital and resources to flow freely in and out of their countries thus making those destinations the best target markets for Nokia to market its models as well as the advance features of music that it offers. External factors analysis can be best explained as follows: (Nokia for Business, 2008). Economic Factors; this will involve Nokia Company analyzing the economic factors that may hinder or augment its operations in the target countries. Such trade barriers like restriction of imports and exports as well as foreign exchange rate systems should be carefully evaluated by the management of Nokia in order to carry out its operations without economic constraints. Other economic factors of importance to be analyzed by the company will include, inflation particularly anticipated inflation, balance of payments, counter trade, fiscal and monetary policies among other significant factors. Although Nokia may not be subjected to many of the above factors it will be prudent to critically analyze deeply the factors particularly inflation and foreign exchange systems by utilizing forecasting techniques that can give the company a clear picture of the future (Lionel Laurent, 2008). Social Factors; this will involve the management of Nokia Company analyzing income level, social structures, educational backgrounds, and religion and family units before selling its new Nokia phones such as Nokia 5800XpressMusic models that comes with advance features to the community. History reveals that social factors play a major in role in utilization of services in the society for example some religious beliefs may not allow different kinds of music to be played. Therefore, it will be prudent for Nokia to clearly identify the right kind of music for the right consumers as well as for the right markets. Social factors may influence beliefs, interests and attitudes of the consumers and therefore the management of Nokia Company has to consider in details such factors in order to avoid losses associated with these social factors. Technological Factors; technology and innovations have taken centre stage in trying to achieve a considerable market share by firms in many industries. Technology provides an opportunity to the firm of expanding through utilization of advanced technologies but at the same time it may contribute negatively to market participation for example where businesses use technologies to compete unfairly. Nokia will have to utilize advance technologies for example the use of internet marketing while trying to explore new markets in the target market. Such technologies will be useful in that it will save time and financial resources that could have been spent and therefore the management can therefore use the surplus resources in further expansion or pay back its shareholders returns thus getting shareholder confidence in the process (Nokia for Business, 2008). Legal Factors; All businesses including Nokia must operate in a business environment deemed to be legal by the target market. The company will therefore have to ensure that the sale of Nokia 5800XpressMusic series with its all contents that include advance music features are allowed by the host country in order to avoid unnecessary legal battles. Nokia also should observe the existing laws regarding to business transactions in the target market particularly avoiding unfair competition. Also it should observe other legal aspects such as the areas of corporate social responsibility whereby Nokia will be expected to manufacture and sell its products at the same time protecting the environment and benefiting the surrounding community by employing them and also participating in community projects (Lionel Laurent, 2008). On the other hand micro environment is about actual and political transactions used in a firm and its environment in day to day activities of a company that include; customers, suppliers, intermediaries among others. One of such micro factors is the intensity of rivalry among Established Companies; it is true that Nokia faces a very competitive environment that has a big concentration of rival competitors making it a very competitive venture in its business operations. Take for instance; they compete with its rivals across al levels i. e. production of high quality mobile phones with quality features like that of music and hence there is need for Nokia to try all strategies to ensure that it beats its rivals as well attracting more customers every day. Nokia is more organized and have better strategies than the new ones that come up and therefore have a competitive edge over the others. An established company will mean having a well developed network that has a good client base and that is supported by customer loyalty and therefore locking out the new firms that try to make an impact by trying the existing markets. The well established pharmaceutical firms give a big challenge to the new companies in the market that try to make their products known. Even though substitute products like iphones are received in telecommunication industry, it becomes easy for the Nokia to push customers to start using its new mobile series in the market since it has a name in the market and customers are loyal to them (Nokia Inc. 2007). The other factor is that of the bargaining power of suppliers. Suppliers take advantage of their unique supplies to ask and bargain for what they want and enjoy the monopoly and charge expensively for the products or services that they offer. Customers are very sensitive to any changes that may affect them that are caused by the bargaining power of the suppliers. Suppliers are a competitive threat in telecommunication industry because they can raise the prices of new and the old supplies and therefore making the customers to try substitute products such as phones and iphones that can satisfy the same needs. Suppliers may cost Nokia a lot of financial constrain if they switch and fail to supply parts that are used for manufacturing such phones like Nokia 5800XoressMusic series (Botan, 1993). Individuals may prefer to try the substitutes e. g. iphones according to their financial therefore Nokia must try as much as possible to bargain well with its suppliers so that it may get quality products at the right price so that it may also sell and price its products like Nokia 5800XoressMusic series at a an affordable price when compared to its competitors. Recommendations for Strategic Marketing Planning Nokia can enter into joint venture with any firm in the telecommunication industry in order to reach to more customers. The joint ventures are forms of market entry that allows for technology sharing and joint product development which fits the promotion of Nokia 5800XoressMusic series as well as its salient features f music that it offers. The main advantage of joint ventures is to get proper political connections that will allow for favours to be achieved. It is usually suitable when; the market power, resources and size of the partner is small compared to the industry leaders. If Nokia enters a joint venture with any company for instance with Apple Company which is still then it will boosts its market power, and thus it will be able to meet the demands in that particular region. The main issues that are usually sorted out during the discussions for joint venture are; agreement periods, pricing methods, ownership and control, local firm capabilities and technology transfer. Nokia should also employ porter generic strategies in order to enhance its market share; such strategies rely on the dimensions of the strategic scope meaning the market penetration and strategic strength referring to the firms or sustainable competitive advantage such as cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation which are required to meet the challenges of the competition. Therefore Nokia can utilize; growth strategies, innovative strategies, among others. However, it should be noted that although they are believed to be the best in the market so far, they are yet to be applied by most companies. Nokia should also apply functional strategies in its marketing operations; these strategies are developed within every department of the company to increase its international sales margins and production. The marketing department can for example prepare an individual strategy that will meet the overall Nokia’s objectives. Other strategies under this include; new product development strategies, legal strategies, financial strategies etc which can also be set up as autonomous strategic business units that are responsible for all of its operations but answerable to the Nokia top management (Murray, 1989). Encirclement Strategies should also be adopted by Nokia while marketing its Nokia 5800XpressMusic touch screens phones. This strategy is also called the envelopment strategy and is a more subtle, gentle, broader and a bit non-offensive but harmful way of attacking the competitor. Normally, this kind of attack is undertaken in two ways. One, introduction of a broader range of products that are similar to the competitor’s products and each of these products will get a share of the same market the competitor is; in this case Nokia will introduce the 5800X series phones which will overtake other competitor’s gadgets such as iphones. In the long run, the competitor will be demoralized, weakened and discouraged leading to a state of siege of the competitor. This first method will ensure that full scale confrontation is avoided between the attacker and the target competitor. Secondly, the encirclement can also be based on market niches rather than the products themselves. In this case, the market share is liberated from the target competitor via the expansion of market niches that surround it; thus Nokia will have to diversify in order to reach to large market share (Lionel Laurent, 2008). Nokia should also draft out clear marketing mix strategies that will enhance a larger market share. A marketing mix is usually used especially on branding and advertising as argued by Jerome McCarthy. The populous four Ps of marketing mix strategies are utilized, these are; Product: Product marketing and management aspects deal with the specifications of the actual good or services and how it relates to customer needs; in this case the new Nokia 5800xpressMusic touch screen phone marketed by Nokia. Such phones should be diverse in its features for instance music enabled and thus meets the expectations of the customers. The characteristics of such 5800Xpress touch screens phones should further be well defined to meet the needs of the consumers (Kottler, 1996). Pricing; pricing is the process of setting a price for a product to be sold in the market and in this case touch screen Nokia 5800XpressMusic to launch by Nokia. It will not be necessarily fixing a monetary value but simply what to be exchanged for the touch screen phone at stake e. g. attention, time etc. Nokia can therefore adopt any of the following pricing strategies to enable Nokia 5800XpressMusic reach its marketing standards. Premium pricing is where the uniqueness of the touch screen phone is defined such as a fixed online fee; Penetration pricing whereby, once Nokia achieves the market share, it increases the price of its product i. e. Nokia 5800XpressMusic phone. Other strategies may include regional pricing strategy which defines the price according to the regions where the phones will be sold. Promotion; promotion strategy comes in various forms; personal selling, publicity, sales promotion or advertising and it refer to the various marketing strategies of convincing the customers to buy the brand, product and in this case Nokia 5800XpressMusic touch screen phone. Nokia should come up with various and best suitable channels of distribution to enable such phones to reach the targeted market. Place; place is also the distribution modes which refer to how the touch screen phones gets to the intended customer. Nokia should ensure that the 5800Xpress series touch screen phones are available to customers in time and in convenient places in order to satisfy their needs. The utilization of computer technology for instance can aid a firm to get access to a wider market thus boosting its business performance (Winer, 2007). Conclusion Research reveals that trade has become progressively more global in some scope these days and there are several grounds for this. One of such reasons is the ever advancement in modern technology that is now increasing communication efficiency and modernization; therefore firms like Nokia are now facing stiff competition from its rivals in the fight for achievement of larger market share. Increasingly, rapid technology lifecycles has increased competition among multinational firms such as Nokia as to who can produce the best services in the mobile telephony market hence the need to employ competitive marketing and business strategies Reference Botan, C. (1993): A Human Approach to Image and Ethics in International Public Relations Journal of Public Relations Research vol 5 No. 2 Carter, S. and Lee, K. (2005): Global Marketing- Changes, New Challenges and Strategies. 1st Edition, Oxford Press, London Kottler, P. (1996): Principles of Marketing: – Stages of customer relationships. 4th European Edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow Lionel Laurent, (2008): Nokia’s Trickle-Up Success: Retrieved from; http://www. forbes. com/2008/06/18/european-innovation-wireless-tech-innovationeu08-cx_ll_0618wireless. html, accessed on March 23rd 2009 Murray, A. (1989): Top management group heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal: Vol. 10 Nokia Inc. (2007): The Route to True Competitive Advantage: Today’s Evolution of Workforce Mobility, Retrieved http://www. nokia. com/NOKIA_COM_1/About_Nokia/Press/White_Papers/pdf_files/nokia_es_phasesofmobility. pdf, accessed on March 23rd 2009 Nokia for Business, (2008): Mobile Technology: A unique Competitive Advantage. Retrieved from,http://www. nokiaforbusiness.com/nfb/DetailPage. html? guid=cb29500194aeb110VgnVCM100000708ef393RCRD, accessed on March 23rd 2009 Press releases, (2004): Nokia defines goals and actions for leadership in dynamic mobile communications market. Retrieved from, http://press. nokia. com/PR/200411/967543_5. html, accessed on 23rd March, 2009 Schon, B. and Allan, B. (1995): Links between Business Strategy and Human Resource Management Strategy in U. S. -Based Japanese Subsidiaries; an Empirical Investigation-Journal of International Business Studies, Vol 26

Yahoo Strategic Management Report

Yahoo! : Business on Internet Time Group 2: Aaron Duke Alejandro Reynoso Erin Moon Sophia Benevento February 21, 2012 Dr. Jay Lee GM 105 California State University, Sacramento Executive Summary Yahoo started out as a hobby between two Stanford students, Jerry Yang and David Filo, and turned from a simple website with categorized information to a powerful navigational tool for millions of users. It generated millions in revenue and helped shape the way the modern-day internet is used, both in terms of streaming information and streaming revenue.The U. S. military first used the internet in the 1960s as a way of safeguarding against centralized information. Decades later, it was used as a tool to help researchers share informaiton. In the 1990s, HTML language was created to help read documents easier. Within a few years, browsers, portals, and internet service providers (ISPs), along with the low price and easy access to computers had connected the world and the internet was born.As Y ang and Filo created a way to monetize the traffic created by the popular Yahoo portal, the attractiveness of the Yahoo model helped propel the global reach of the internet, and brought about intense competition, new tools, new models of monetization, and the need for new strategy. When using Porters five forces model to analyze the portal industry’s attractiveness, it is clear that attractiveness is low. The bargaining power of suppliers is high, bargaining power of the buyers is low, threat of new entrants is high, start-up costs cause high barriers to entry, alternative edia allow the threat of substitutes to be high, and the potential for revenue has saturated the industry with competitors. This competitive environment rapidly changed since Yahoo was first created. There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments. Using a strategy of simplicity, independence and strategic partnerships, Yahoo created a user-friendly point-of-entry for consumers to find information on the internet while making millions of dollars. Yahoo led the portal industry from 1994 to 1998, during which its market capitalization grew to $30 billion.In 1999, the industry began to change further as mergers and acquisitions consolidated power. Media companies, ISPs, browser companies and content providers were merging and acquiring each other in a flurry of moves in order to retain competitive advantage. The strategy of independence that brought Yahoo success needed to be reevaluated. In an environment with such volatile and intense competition, what strategy should Yahoo implement? As leader of the internet portal industry, Yahoo’s position, both in terms of its external environment and internal resources and capabilities, should be exploited in order to bring about above-average returns.Both the Industrial Organization (I/O) and Resource-Based models of above-average returns can be utilized. It shows Yahoo to be in a favorable posit ion and the tools needed to effectively create new partnerships that will secure market share and long term profitability. Further, A SWOT analysis shows that Yahoo has strong brand image and opportunities for strategic partnerships, even though as first-mover in the industry, it lacked a long-term strategy and is threatened by intense competition.The story of Yahoo shows that a company’s strategy must always be evaluated for effectiveness in terms of its current external environment and its internal resources and capabilities. While effective strategy early on may bring about a favorable position in the industry, competitive forces will cause a company to seek out new strategies, new partnerships and new models in order to remain competitive and profitable. Background Jerry Yang and David Filo created the portal Yahoo in April of 1994. It was originally used as a hobby to track web addresses sent to them by friends.They were students at Stanford, but they gave up their educa tion to focus on running Yahoo. Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web was created by Yang and Filo as a guide to navigate though the web. These web sites were sorted into a database and thousands of users began to use their service. Yahoo officially became a business on March 5, 1995. They hired Tim Koogle as CEO, as well as a staff of six people which eventually grew. Yahoo’s operations had three separate departments: property development, marketing and sales, and international.Property development focused on production and engineering. Marketing and sales handled corporate marketing, business development, and sales. They also had customized Yahoo pages in 18 countries, which was run by their International departments. Yahoo was located in Silicon Valley, and they offered five main services (properties) to consumers such as navigation, community, personalization, e-commerce, and international. Navigation allowed consumers to find information. Community offered an addres s book, email, chat, and message boards for consumers.Personalization allowed users to personalize their web pages and e-commerce offered shopping and other online sales. International properties were designed for those in different countries and had each country’s language and local content. By 1998, Yahoo had an estimated 100 million connected consumers, 167 million page views per day, and a market value of $30 billion. By 1998, they had an increased revenue for 1. 5 years. Industry Evolution The Internet was first used in the U. S. Military for defense in 1960.In 1986, the National Science Foundation used it for transferring research files and exchanging electronic mail. In 1991, Hyper text markup language (HTML) was created by Tim Berners Lee. This language allowed documents to link to one another through a host computer, and people could view graphics, audio and text. In 1994, the first internet browser was created. This allowed people to view web documents easily. Navig ation sites, called â€Å"portals,† soon followed. Portals had two types of consumers: non-paying users and paying companies that wanted to advertise.Portal companies typically made revenue through advertising, and they often paid for information that would be exclusive to their site, such as news and sports. Click-thrus and referral fees made up a majority of their revenues from consumers, as well as targeted placements. During the 1990s, personal computers began to sell quickly for home use. Computers were sold with modems, software, a browser, and a way to access the internet. The two browsers that were commonly used were Netscape and MSN. Portals could be chosen by the consumer, but they often came included on the computers.Consumers also chose portals based on habit, quality of information, and brand. Access to the internet was usually done through the phone company, and later high-speed broadband was offered through cable providers. Internet usage began to increase at a fast pace and soon there were millions of people using the internet daily in many countries around the world. Industry Attractiveness Using Porter’s five forces model, we conclude that the bargaining power of the content providers varied depending on the relevance of the information.The bargaining power of suppliers of unique information, such as popular real-time news or sports, was high. Some of the portals paid companies a monthly rate up to $50,000 for information. However, that bargaining power of other suppliers of information such as specialized content, which was less crucial to the portal, is moderately high. This could range between $2,500 to $20,000 per month. Nevertheless, some of the smaller content providers would receive free placement in exchange for their information. Overall, the bargaining suppliers of the most important information is very high.Technology and labor were also suppliers. The threat of new entrants to the industry is high. However, the capit al requirements in order for a new entrant to compete is also very high. During the first few years after Yahoo was launched, many other entrants decided to enter the market. There would be even more entrants in the next few years. Yet, most of the companies that compete against Yahoo are not making money, they are actually losing money. There are many substitutes in the industry that users may prefer to use instead of a portal.Portals considered themselves to be media companies and not just a search engine. Some of the substitutes of portals are television, newspapers, movies, magazines, and even other non-portal websites. In addition, the bargaining power of major paying customers, those who want to advertise on the portals, is very high. In spite of this, the bargaining power of small paying customers is moderate. The smallest orders of advertisement were $1000. But all of the deals where typically negotiated. Moreover, the competitive rivalry is very intense. The only two portal s who were making money in 1998 are Yahoo and AOL.However, AOL was not only a portal, it also provided internet access, which provided the majority of their income. Yahoo was the only portal that was not also an ISP and was still profitable. In summary, the overall attractiveness to enter the industry is very low. The industry is saturated with many different types of competitors, and the start up cost for a new entrant is extremely high. Performance and Strategy When Yahoo invented the first internet â€Å"portal,† it also created the internet portal industry There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments.It had the â€Å"blue ocean† at its feet as it created new demand in an uncontested market. Yahoo saw the value of creating a user-friendly Internet portal before anyone else. By moving quickly and efficiently, Yahoo was able to negotiate, and frequently dictate, pricing with partners which led to large amounts of revenue. Yahoo’s performance has been very effective, resulting in positive revenue gains leading to profitability in 1998. Yahoo chose a strategy based on forming strategic partnerships that simply added value to the company.They decidedly chose not to merge with other companies in order to retain full control of operations. This way, Yahoo executives were able to take full advantage of both its position and revenue streams and reinvest into the company. This would create value-adding â€Å"properties† and services and thus stay ahead of the competition. The strategy that Yahoo implemented proved very successful. This strategy was one of simplicity and independence compared with their other competitors. They had a maintained a business plan that was developed in 1995 and a one-year operating plan that showed their financial goals and top priorities.They did not have a detailed marketing plan. The employees worked in close quarters, although the structure of the firm was hierar chal. Employees worked in cubicles to save costs. Yahoo was the only portal, aside from AOL, to post profits in 1998. AOL’s profits were significantly larger than Yahoo’s due to the fact that they generated large amounts of revenue as an Internet service provider (ISP). By selling access to the internet, AOL gained revenue from both Internet use and access, while Yahoo generated revenue only from internet advertising.In 1998, it seemed that Yahoo was trending toward losing market share to AOL because would have been wise to invest money into becoming an ISP, however as we have seen, the dominant ISPs have become companies like AT&T and MCI, companies that control the means of communication, namely the phone lines and satellites. Yahoo has kept their basic strategy. Yahoo possesses in-house expertise in engineering. All in all, their strategy has been very successful until 1999. Mergers & Acquisitions of Competitors There were many mergers and acquisitions in the portal industry during 1998 and January 1999.Media sites such as Disney and NBC were partnering with portals such as Infoseek and Snap to gain a competitive advantage and market share. Internet service providers were also acquiring portals with the hopes of gaining more consumers and increasing their profits. For example, the service provider @Home acquired Yahoo’s main competitor Excite, while AOL acquired the very popular Netscape. The internet and portal industry was new for the public in the 1990s. Although there were billions of dollars being spent in e-commerce and by advertisers, the portal industry had only a few years of data to compare when creating a new strategy.Many companies relied on analysts’ predictions for revenue, which may not have been accurate. The strategies ranged from ISP’s hosting portals, media company mergers with portals, and portals acquiring numerous smaller businesses. While some of the strategies seemed to make logical sense, the only two portals that created a profit in 1998 were Yahoo and AOL. The problem with many of these acquisitions and mergers was the amount of money that was being spent at the risk of their stakeholders, particularly their capital market stakeholders. For example, @Home paid $6. billion for Excite, but only a few years later, @Home filed for bankruptcy (Source). These internet service providers and portals had a first-mover advantage so they were able to gain a large market share. Increased competition brought about mergers and acquisitions which consolidated power within fewer companies, in hopes of gaining more of a competitive advantage and greater market share. A Strategy Change? Koogle and his team were aware of the intense competition in the external environment and considered it’s options. Though they were successful and profitable, they were unsure of the future.Their strategy was basic and they had used one business plan, which never changed. They were an independent compa ny, unlike some of their competitors. The management at Yahoo should continue observing the market and begin to create a new business and marketing plan. The portal industry is growing and becoming fiercely competitive, and with Yahoo’s main competitor Excite flaunting their slogan, â€Å"Still with the same old Yahoo? † they should consider changing their strategy. Their high stock price has allowed them to hire some of the most skilled engineers. This, along with capital has allowed them the option to either â€Å"make† or â€Å"buy† companies.Partnering with other businesses that have interest in their company such as AT&T, MCI, Time Warner, and News Corporation may be good options. They also have the capital to acquire Geocities, which is another internet portal. They can also negotiate exclusive distribution deals with personal computer makers such as Compaq, Gateway, HP, and IBM in order to secure market share and increase its customer base. Yahoo s hould adjust their strategy because as their competitors continue to partner with other firms, their customers will likely choose to advertise with these larger companies and they risks losing millions in profits.The best option for Yahoo would be to approach News Corporation and negotiate a possible media partnership in the future. This will allow Yahoo to gain more consumers while leaving them with control of the company. It is not wise to sell because Yahoo has an estimated worth of $30 billion, and their rival Excite had just sold for less than $7 billion. (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns Yahoo invented the internet portal industry. In 1994, the external environment of the industry was void of economies of scale and barriers to market entry.There was no need for diversification or product differentiation, and there were no other firms to compete with. Yahoo had a simple strategy that capitalized on its first-mover advantage, its access to top engineering talent in Silicon Va lley, and its vision that focused on creating a user-friendly entry point for the internet. This simple strategy was sufficient for above-average returns in the early days of the industry, but as the internet evolved and industry competition increased, Yahoo realized it needed to reevaluate their position in the industry in order to continue enjoying the same above-average returns. External Environment: Several mergers and acquisitions had consolidated ISPs, portals, media companies, and content providers. Yahoo had was the only portal not in talks with a major partner. †¢ Attractive Industry: Yahoo is still the largest portal in the industry. This position makes the industry attractive, however the growing competition makes the position unsecure. †¢ Strategy Formulation: Yahoo can no longer survive on its own. Its partnership with telecommunication giant AT&T is losing strength as AT&T looks to provide customers with web content, no longer needing the content provided by Yahoo.Yahoo needs to partner with traditional media companies, secure more distribution deals with computer companies, improve technologies that would enhance the speed and usability of their search engine. †¢ Assets and Skills: Yahoo has a reputation for independence and tough negotiations. Moving forward, executives will need to be able to build and maintain relationships with potential partners. Yahoo currently has access to the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. Strategy Implementation: Meet with executives from telecommunication, traditional media, and personal computer companies with the goal of creating exclusive partnerships. This will boost brand recognition, increase customer base, increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. Resource-Based Model of Above-Average Returns It was necessary for Yahoo to also evaluate their internal environment. Resources and capabilities were essen tial for the success of the company, as well as a competitive advantage, strategy formulation and implementation, and an attractive industry. Resources: Yahoo has the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. It has a popular product with a loyal customer base. It has financial resources, a market capitalization valued at $30 billion. †¢ Capabilities: Yahoo was able to secure the position of industry leader, secure distribution deals and valuable partnerships, and create an internet portal that customers widely valued over the competition. †¢ Competitive Advantage: Internally, Yahoo’s resources and capabilities exceeds that of its competitors.Superior talent, better vision of what a portal should offer, and effective execution all contributed to Yahoo’s early success. However it needs to combine its resources and capabilities through strategic partnerships in order to maintain its competitive advantage. †¢ Attractive Industry: As the leade r in the internet portal industry, Yahoo executives can exploit opportunities to merge or form partnerships with any number of major industry companies. †¢ Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Yahoo’s early success is attributed to its executives utilizing its talent, industry position, partnerships and financial resources.Management needs to direct these resources and capabilities toward strategic partnerships with traditional media and personal computer companies in order to create value-adding partnerships, boost brand recognition, increase customer base, and increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. The use of both the I/O model and the Resource Based Model are crucial for Yahoo to analyze and use as they formulate their strategy for earning high profits. SWOT Analysis When analyzing Yahoo, it is clear that they have many strengths.One of their main strengths is their strong brand image compa red to their competition. Yahoo is currently the second biggest business in the industry both in the United States and globally after Google. Also, Yahoo was the first business to enter into this new industry, with it’s portals, commonly known as search engines now. In addition, Yahoo built many strategic partnerships. These strategic partnerships were negotiated by the business development staff at Yahoo. One example of a strong strategic partnership was teaming up wit AT&T in order to combine Yahoo! s services with access to the Internet. Yahoo also had a few weaknesses. Yahoo was lacking a long-term strategy, and their unwillingness to embrace the changes in the industry. They also did not offer Internet access like other portals such as AOL and MSN. The company had many opportunities. For instance, they had the opportunity to do strategic acquisitions or partnerships with other companies in order to ensure that their leadership will not be taken away by other companies th at were involved in mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, Yahoo had the opportunity of the growing online advertising market.Expenditures for online advertising grew from $0 in 1994 to $2 billion in 1998, and they were expected to keep growing exponentially. A third opportunity that Yahoo had is to keep expanding to more countries. Yahoo had international properties in 18 countries, but there are many other countries where Yahoo can keep expanding. The threats that Yahoo was facing were the very intense competition and government regulations. As the Internet industry evolved, regulations became more strict and the government becomes more involved. References Cnet. Feb-21-2011. http://news. cnet. com/2100-1033-273689. html

Democracy Aims of the Ninth Amendment

â€Å"We the People of the United States†¦ do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. † Within those opening words, the framers of the U. S. Constitution made clear their intentions for democracy in America and their disregard for previous despotic institutions. No longer viewing the individual†s highest duty to be obedience to the state, our founding fathers displayed a firm commitment to bolstering the significance and dignity of the individual. This new found faith in the ability of the populace to govern itself is known as democracy. Democracy itself is an ideal that was developed by the ancient Greeks around 500 B. C. Inherent in all of the freedoms of democracy are certain â€Å"inalienable rights† that are guaranteed to every citizen who resides under that democracy. Following the Constitutional Convention, Federalists, who supported the ratification of the Constitution, obtained the support by promising that an enumeration of the rights of all citizens that would be added as an amendment to the Constitution after it had been ratified, to Anti-Federalists who opposed ratification due to the lack of enumerated rights. In order to outline and expound upon those rights, the Constitution was amended almost immediately following its ratification in 1788. The Bill of Rights, as the first ten amendments have come to be known, was put into effect on the fifteenth day of December, 1791, and is a formal declaration given by the government to define the fundamental liberties of its citizens and thus limit its own power. The first eight amendments contain the essential rights of every citizen, as well as certain procedural precautions instituted to insure the protection of those rights. The enth amendment guarantees the limitation of federal control to those and only those powers granted it in the Constitution. Inherent in the ninth amendment is the vitality of democracy in the United States. The ninth amendment reads: â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. † Amendment nine, while protecting citizens from the infringement of the government on the unenumerated rights of the individual using rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights, also levels any implied hierarchy of rights making no single right of any greater importance than another. The preservation of democracy in America is vitally dependent upon the ninth amendment as illustrated by its inherent ideologies that made it an amendment, its modern judicial implications in relation to the topics of the day, as well as its ability to reinforce those attributes that keep a democracy operating. Once the Constitution had been put into effect and representatives had been sent to Congress, it was time for the amendments that had been promised, to be sent before Congress. The leader in the proposition of amendments to the new Congress was James Madison, the â€Å"Father of the Constitution. † Madison†s chief intention in proposing his amendments to the Constitution was to prevent â€Å"†¦ the abridgment of the freedom of the people by [the] gradual and silent encroachments of those in power. † Madison originally proposed fifteen amendments that were to enumerate all of the inalienable rights of United States citizens. Of those fifteen, twelve were accepted by Congress to be sent to the states for approval under the process outlined in the Fifth Article of the Constitution. What would become the ninth amendment was seen even then as innocuous, but Madison was able to support its importance asking, â€Å"If an enumeration be made of all our rights, will it not be implied that everything omitted is given to the general government? † Democracy, as a free-state, relies inevitably on the protection of the freedoms of the individual; because all of the freedoms that an individual has a right to cannot simply be listed, it is vitally important that those rights which are not spelled out in the body of law that protects the individual continue to be protected from usurpation by the government. Through inference this amendment implies in its own wording that the rights that are listed in the Bill of Rights are so important that they needed to be spelled out, but there are other natural rights belonging to United States citizens that were equally important, but too numerous to mention. These â€Å"natural rights† include the right to choose your own mate, the right to reproductive choice, the right to determine the manner of your child†s education, and even covers rights to personal privacy. Certainly no man would argue the personal, as well as democratic significance of these rights. Thus, Madison, foreseeing the possibilities of the rise of the federal government to the already massive position of power that it now occupies kept it from denying Americans all of those rights that even they take for granted, because they cannot be found specifically enumerated in The judicial implications behind the ninth amendment are innumerable, mainly due to the fact that on a regular basis the government does its best to work its way into the private lives of individuals and instruct them on how to better their conduct in the ace of social morality. One pressing issue facing the people of the United States today is that of doctor-assisted suicide. To date, it has been ruled that suicide is in essence self-murder and accordingly, if murder is illegal so must all forms of it be illegal as well, self and otherwise. However, in light of the unenumerated rights guaranteed to citizens by the ninth amendment, this â€Å"right to die† inherently belongs to the individual as it does ot infringe upon the rights of others. Another modern political debate is that of the legality of homosexuality. Seeing as how, regardless of their sexual orientation, homosexuals are citizens of the United States of America, they also have the right to decide for themselves the person with whom they engage in sexual relations. Sexuality is, therefore, one more of the unenumerated rights bestowed upon the people under the â€Å"innocuous† amendment. Wisely effected for this use, the ninth amendment was cited in the case of Roe v. Wade in the determination of a woman†s right to have an abortion. This right, while not enumerated in the Constitution is still a right of the people under the ninth amendment. The ninth amendment, while famously misunderstood and misinterpreted by Judge Robert Bork in his 1987 confirmation hearing, has only recently been utilized as a tool in the fight for the preservation of the individual citizen†s democratic rights. Bork demonstrated his ineptitude and his inability to be a Supreme Court Justice by stating that he could not logically view the ninth amendment from the mindset of the Constitution†s framers. The ability of a Supreme Court Justice to trust his own insinuations into the minds of our founding fathers is what allows them to make a clear, responsible and accurate assertion about the ramifications of the wording of the Constitution. Unenumerated rights are, by definition, rights that are not specifically listed and are, therefore, more or less unknown. If it was possible to enumerate all of the rights that are delegated to the people under the ninth amendment then it would have been done and the innocuity innate in its creation would be forever erased. As those rights remain constantly emerging and on the verge of emerging the Supreme Court will have to continue to expand its interpretation and better use the ninth amendment for the protection of the intrinsic rights of the American citizen. Democracy itself is reliant upon several things to keep it working: citizen participation, voluntary action and education. The ninth amendment strengthens the wide-spread participation of the citizenry by entrusting them with rights that are God-given, rights that are so innately human that they need not be itemized in the body of law that was created to itemize the inborn rights of all citizens. Any and every individual has the right to run for public office. Each individual is also capable of supporting which ever political party he feels best represents his own personal opinions. He also retains the right to keep those personal opinions to himself if he so chooses. Another characteristic of democracy is its faith and dependence upon education. Although widespread participation is a significantly substantial aspect of democracy, it alone does not ensure the proper maintenance of good government. An active populace is nothing if it is not an educated populace. Education is not an institution that can be left to sort itself out, either. Whether an individual should choose to attend public or private schools, continue to a college or university, or perhaps be taught directly by his parents at home is a right that remains his under the ninth amendment. Without the freedoms and rights that are built-into the educational systems of America by the ninth amendment, the ability of the nation to take action, keep informed, vote intelligently and produce leaders worthy of public trust and responsibility would be drastically diminished. The lack of force inbred in all democracies requires a distinct amount of voluntary action to replace it. The right of the citizen to participate or not to participate in the everyday workings of the democracy in which he lives is always his. The ninth amendment can in that manner work against itself, but thanks to the safeguard of education it can be assumed a majority of the individuals inhabiting a democracy are there of their own free will and there because they wish to cooperate with and for the established system and not against it. The successful operation of American democracy, as well as that of any other democracy, is dependent upon the rights granted to the people of the United States by the ninth amendment. In The Federalist, â€Å"Number 47,† James Madison said that, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. † Madison proposed the Bill of Rights in order to avoid allowances for the federal government to secure a position of tyranny as well as to promote the permanent establishment of democracy. Amendment nine of the Bill of Rights is the amendment that best exemplifies the preservation of that new state of democracy in America by withholding from the national government all those rights that went unenumerated in the Bill of Rights, but which continue to be retained by the people. The right to personal privacy, the right to a choice of educational institutions, the right to receive an abortion, the right to choose your own sexual orientation, the right to follow the political party of your choosing and even the right to die are all bestowed upon the citizenry by the ninth amendment. Democracy, as an institution of sentiment, law and government, could not survive without the guarantee of the ninth amendment that the people shall retain those rights which were given them with birth and which will neither be denied nor disparaged. The increasing clarity of the ninth amendment will continue to provide boundless possibilities for the people of the United States to not only continue in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but also to inhibit federal interference with that goal.

Cable TV as Going Obsolete Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cable TV as Going Obsolete - Assignment Example 2). The range is more of a generalization rather than a fact since different shows and different networks cater to different people. Taking those into account, television has a possible target demographic ranging from toddlers to octogenarians with little regard for race, level of education or occupation. Over the years, technology has advanced to the point wherein information is accessible through more than one channel. Of late, the internet has become the same kind of competitor to television as television once was to radio. In their 2012 Accenture Consumer Electronics Products and Services Usage Report, Accenture (2012) found out that â€Å"the percentage of consumers watching broadcast or cable TV shows, movies or videos on TV, in a typical week, plummeted from 71 percent in 2009 to 48 percent in 2011† (p. 8). There are many reasons why people are shifting from television’s scheduled programming to internet. One of the more common reasons is convenience. In a high-s peed world, people find less and less time at home to watch the shows they want to watch on TV. Another recent survey by Nielsen (2012) showed that users of Netflix, an on-demand streaming media provider, have chosen to watch more TV programs on it than ever before totaling 19% of their subscribers which makes an 8% increase from the previous year. Subscribers can watch and rewatch their favorite shows whenever they want with services like these. Another factor that makes online viewing more appealing is the mobility. In a study conducted by Blip.tv (2011), one of the Internet's largest independently owned and operated video properties, people have been spending 9% less time watching television, 26% more time watching web series on the PC, while spending 19% more time watching video content on a mobile device. With the wide range of tablet PCs and smartphones in the market today, people will have little reason to stay at home and watch TV when they can view their favorite videos onl ine wherever they go. On a related note, age and society can also be factors. In the Hollywood Reporter, Georg Szalai (2011) wrote about how baby boomers (47-65 year old citizens) spend more time watching TV than the average person, averaging 5-6 hours a day compared to the 4 hours and 49 minutes of people within the 18-49 year old demographic. Many television networks are making changes to appeal to these people by revamping old shows and featuring familiar faces on their networks. This could be brought about by the older audience’s unfamiliarity with the newer technology. Conversely, the younger crowd is opting for more internet-based or â€Å"cloud services.† Accenture (2012) found that â€Å"Thirty-eight percent of younger consumers have stopped or almost stopped renting or buying DVDs, and 16 percent said they had terminated or were considering terminating TV subscription services† (p. 9). Economically speaking, the increase in the number of consumers willi ng to terminate their TV subscriptions is a practical one. Why would people continue to pay for services they would use for only 3-4 hours a day when they can get the same service anytime they want, anywhere they want along with their internet subscription? All these shifts toward cloud services are dependent on the availability of the hardware and the reliability of an internet connection. Computers are getting smaller, more sophisticated

A Curriculum Development Issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Curriculum Development Issue - Research Paper Example A social policy statement which was established in 1980 and amended in 1995. The statement explains the meaning of nursing, diagnosis requirement of a nurse and the main purpose of nursing activities. It clearly explains the requirement of a competent nurse in the health sector. It talks about the basic knowledge which is required of a qualified nurse. The statement specifies the main components required in the definition of nursing role and competent in the health sector. As observed by Fasoli (2006), nurses’ schools and faculties are supposed to comply fully with the Nursing: A social policy statement. The policy does not give room for immediate advancement of the training methodology. The strictness of the policy statement limits the advancement of the nursing curriculum. The curriculum is delimited by the policy to act immediately to the emerging technological and health changes. On the other hand, the policy restricts the nursing training schools from advancing the circular without the approval of the concerned health body. Health schools are expected to train what is speculated in the policy. Health policy on the other hand, is very useful in the nursing profession and most specifically in the training process. It clarifies the requirement for a credible nurse. It provides a guideline of what should be taught in the healthcare school. Its strictness is very essential in maintaining the quality of nurse activities in the health sector. ... The policy does not give room for immediate advancement of the training methodology. The strictness of the policy statement limits the advancement of the nursing curriculum. The curriculum is delimited by the policy to act immediately to the emerging technological and health changes. On the other hand, the policy restricts the nursing training schools from advancing the circular without the approval of the concerned health body. Health schools are expected to train what is speculated in the policy. Health policy on the other hand, is very useful in the nursing profession and most specifically in the training process. It clarifies the requirement for a credible nurse. It provides a guideline of what should be taught in the healthcare school. Its strictness is very essential in maintaining the quality of nurse activities in the health sector. Nursing school are limited the power of including irrelevant contents in their curriculum. Any additional in the curriculum must be approved by t he entire health sector. Nurses have the capability of working everywhere in the world due to the universality of the health policy. The policy has also helped nurses in specifying their position in the health sector. The role of the nurse in health sector is clearly explained in the policy. This reduces role confusion in health sector. Curriculum Development Strategies Development of nursing curriculum as a process has neither beginning nor an end. Once it has been developed, the curriculum undergoes modifications and refinements as it becomes evaluated and implemented. This modifications and refinements are performed because a nursing curriculum that is perfect cannot be finalized and achieved when the context within which the

Physiology and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physiology and Function - Essay Example This condition is tied to deficiencies in the production of red blood cells in its key factory, the bone marrow, and can be caused by a number of factors, including kidney disease in chronic form, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis, even as some forms of anemia, such as sickle cell anemia, can be passed on from parent to offspring (ADAM, 2012). Basophils: Basophils are a type of white blood cells in the human body (Childrens Hospital and Health System, 2012). As a white blood cell type, its function basically revolves around protection of the body from infections and diseases. This is done via basophils eating up invading pathogens. Their cytoplasmic contents include grain-like substances, and basophils in general have a dark purple to black hue in Wright stains (MedFriendly, n.d.). Eosinophils: Eosinophils are likewise a type of white blood cells in the human body (Childrens Hospital and Health System, 2012). It is also disease and infection fighting. While they are beneficial in attacking foreign bodies, they can cause disease in large amounts, including asthma, and parasitic diseases (MedicineNet, 2012). Erythrocytes: Erythrocyte is another term for red blood cells, and in general, as already discussed above, erythrocyte are involved in oxygen transport throughout the body, emanating from the lungs. They also are the carriers for carbon dioxide. (Childrens Hospital and Health System, 2012). Normal erythrocytes are biconcave, yellow in color, and has in it the hemoglobin oxygen carriers. Abnormal types include basophilic and hypochromic erythrocytes, the latter a condition where red blood cell counts are lower than normal, healthy values (Saunders,

Compose a letter promoting as aspect of Atlantic Cape Community Research Paper

Compose a letter promoting as aspect of Atlantic Cape Community College to a relative, co-worker, or friend - Research Paper Example A few months back, I came across a piece of information put out by a wonderful kind of community college. This small-town community college is big on its promises and they certainly lived up to the expectations of their students, including me, of course. I was fortunate enough to be guided into their Academy of Culinary Arts (ACA) at the Atlantic Cape Community College located in nearby Atlantic and Cape May counties in New Jersey. This community college has a student population of about 6,500 both in transfer and academic degree programs. They offer outstanding courses but what I am raving about is its nationally-recognized Academy of Culinary Arts, from which I graduated from a few months ago and instrumental in landing me a fine, well-paying job at a prestigious five-star hotel here in New York City as an assistant chef. You have an abiding interest for food and cooking as shown many, many times when we and our close-knit group had sleep-overs and we did our own cooking. This might sound quite tough but a career shift on your part will surely do wonders as it had done to me when I decided to pursue an entirely different and new career – in culinary arts! At the Atlantic Cape Community College, I found their secret formula for success, in food. All people will always have to eat, in good times or bad times, no matter in what shape the economy is in. In this regard, I strongly suggest you give their ACA a try so as to greatly improve your chances of getting gainfully employed in a full-time job. Getting employed as a chef or head cook is quite easy, even in a tough economy and a further inducement is the high median salary of approximately $40,000 per year. You can get employed in upscale restaurants and get to know and meet famous people, in a big casino, a famous hotel or even in a world-class holiday cruise liner. Hows that for combining both the passion of cooking with a great adventure and a high-paying job!? Employment

Definition of Audio Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Definition of Audio Literacy - Essay Example Audio materials are developed learning skills in which websites are regularly updated with new content and has a variety of listening skills. Listening and hearing are the two essential components of audio literacy. The two are different terms but have close association. Primarily, hearing is a physiological process while listening is more of psychological and they remain the cornerstone of audio literacy. In the process of passing information from one person to another, the sender encodes and expresses the idea he intends the receiver to capture. The receiver will then interpret the message depending on the understanding of the message, which is determined by the attention span. The authenticity and usefulness of the audio literacy is determined by the ability of the students to use the audio materials effectively and efficiently. Too low or too high sounds may not be useful to the health of the students. It may not assist them in the learning process. Essentially, audio literacy remains critical in the educational pedagogy, and it intertwines with the visual literacy (Smaldino, Lowther & Rusell,

Traditional and Online Dating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Traditional and Online Dating - Essay Example Dating on many ways grabbed the phenomena as arranged marriage and imparted more freedom and rights to couple in choosing their life partner. Dating has been around for couple of centuries, and over these years, it has lost its real meaning. People are using this term so widely that any meeting between young or older couple comes under the meaning of â€Å"dating†. The dating started from traditional one to online dating over the course of time. Society has changed a lot, before there used to be something known as traditional dating where men and women met informally over a weekend, get together or social event. So traditional dating gives the partners a platform to see each other and then get to know each other in a real environment. Dating has lost it value after the invention of online dating sites, and other websites which initiated courtship assistance. In the earlier times, people used to meet each other in person and ask them for date, but in today’s world people enter a date as one entering a dark cave. Both the traditional and online dating has advantages and disadvantages. Any one cannot be prescribed as traditional dating is a matter of past and online dating has become a comfortable matter for modern world. ... Here they have to depend blindly on the website profile of partners. Traditional dating may be an old way of finding a partner but it works extremely well in understanding a person. Men can select their female partner from various others and this is what needed in a dating process. Traditional dating is entertaining and time taking as men can feel shy or awkward in asking women out. On this ground, online dating is apt as it allows the men or women to take on to second step without facing the stressful step of asking for a date. Many men have the terrible feeling of facing women, and hence in traditional dating men face less chance of getting women for dating. The world today is extremely fast and people need everything done in less time and effort. In that case , online dating looks enticing and worth appreciating. But people forget that things done in a minimum time especially human relationship can be hazardous rather than useful .Dating is a phenomena which involves love, passion , trust and confidence and to gauge these entire human qualities one need to take time and use efforts. So here we can find that to acquire quality in human relationship, one need to approach traditional dating. In traditional dating, people have enough time to observe a girl in a social environment or in neighborhood and ask her for a date in an informal manner. Normally, online dating allows people to analyze a person completely, but this analysis is solely depends on the authenticity of the information provided. Many a times, it is hard to determine the quality of the information provided online. In traditional dating, people are meeting only in real and get to know each other in a realistic environment. It is a matter of lives of people and a person deceiving another

Global Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Marketing Strategy - Essay Example As a result, most housing industries have been on the rise. This has also attracted growth in the transport sector and computer systems. Most of the industries in this sector opt not to use market-oriented approach. According to Walker and Mullins, the competitive nature of the environment does not necessitate ultra sensitivity of the needs of the buyers. However, these companies have mastered the economic needs of customers and are moving speedily to address them. They have identified a growing need for assets as the vital driving force for consumer appetite. They have also dealt with the long-term consumer needs and are working on pricing structures and increasing consumer demands. Companies like The Home Depot are known to have adopted that approach. The automobile manufacturers have increased sales by having to re-look at the global trends and the changing consumer demands and the economic conditions in key target markets. According to Morningstar, poor mid to long-term performan ce strategy can cost companies if not well handled. A good casing point is the Nissan Company compared to the general motors. Market positioning is essential when it comes to long-term consumer strategies and brand differentiation (Walker&Orville, 2011). General motors’ have made its reputation in conducting research on consumer needs and attitudes with helps them in developing products that are appealing to consumers (Bartlett & Wozny, 2005). Nissan is accused of not coming up with differentiated products that do not stand out. This is due to inadequate through market research when it comes to consumer needs. Successful marketing is known to affect organizational productivity directly. This necessitates companies to take... This paper proclaims that the growing global marketing strategy demands that the next generation of organizational leaders get employees who have a large knowledgebase. Organizations are looking for a multiplicity of talents and experience. Such a workforce is known to maximize productivity and minimize organizational costs. The new global marketing strategy demands the employees engage in critical thinking and take up their roles with passion and understanding. Organizations have taken to training workers with an aim of enhancing leadership skills and innovation. However, training alone is inadequate. Employees must be directly involved in decision making, in the own portfolios. They must become part of the solutions to the organizational challengers through employee participation in the leadership process. In conclusion, the paper aproves that the modern day aspect of managing market and strategy calls for stakeholder engagement and long-term strategy in marketing. The new market myopic of viewing the customer as mere short term consumer is changing fast. The consumer must be viewed as a member of the global society who has complex needs and long term targets. Organizations have begun paying close attention to research based on culture and consumer perception to avoid imposing consumer needs. The link between the roles of stakeholders in marketing organizational products is being addressed. The global market place has shifted radically, and it demands the use of both conventional and unconventional marketing strategies to address the challenge of appealing to and satisfying modern, empowered consumers.

HR Management Essay Example for Free

HR Management Essay Negligent hiring is the potential liability of an employer for actions of an employee who was selected for employment without adequately determining the person’s qualifications for the job. Negligent retention on the other had refers to the prospective liability an employer faces by retaining employees who it knows (or should know) a re not qualified to perform their jobs tasks or have mental or physical conditions or propensities that result in them being hazardous to themselves or others. Discussion  Employers need to do reasonable investigations on the prospective employees work experience, background, character and qualifications to avoid negligent hiring. The doctrine of hiring and retention provides that an employer have a duty to exercise reasonable care in selection and retention of his employees. The employer should be aware of the employee problems that make him or her unfit should avoid negligent retention. The employer should take further action such as investigating, discharge or reassignment. Employers want to be sure their employees are doing a good job, but employees should not have their every sneeze or trip to the water cooler logged. This is where workplace conflict comes to foreplay. Employees are the greatest assets of any company and an employer should put much care in protecting their privacy. Employees should avoid providing all their information to their employers because such information could be used for identity theft as well as carrying out criminal activities such as fraud cases leaving the employee in financial problems. Employers should also ban use of the new technology such as camera phones, digital cameras etc because offensive pictures of workers in private, embarrassing or intimate situations can be taken and sent to the net. Such technology can be used to conduct industrial espionage. In this cue therefore employers do are not obligated under any law to use devices that can intrude on the employees privacy. The employers under the contract terms reserve the blame if the employee get accident or injured during the working term. Under the labor laws the safety of the employees lies on the employer if the employee gets the injury at the point of work. It is the mandate of the Contracting firm to provide safety and health measures at all costs to the working employees who forms the main component assets in the company. WS4DQ1-Merit pay Merit pay is pay compensation given to employee based on his/her productivity. Its based on the assessment of the employee’s productivity. Hoever merit pay is rarely used as most managers use it as a strategy to motivate those indiduals well known to him or her. Merit pay should be given based on competence in work. Hard working employees need to be rewarded; this should base on achieved measurable targets, units. Merit pay should be included as part of organization package for various reasons. One is that merit pay enhances a vibrant competitive workforce and therefore eliminates laggardness in workplace. WS4DQ3-Kenneth Lay Lay was one of the Americas highest paid CEO in America. He was Presidents Bush Treasury secretary . He dumped large amounts of his Enron stock and encouraging his employees to buy more stock. As the highest paid CEO, lay never contributed much to the Organizations success; rather he greatly contributed to its downfall. Thus, he was not entitled to the handsome package he was receiving, as he got filthily involved in scandals that amounted billions of shillings leading to the collapse of Enron. WS5DQ1 Workplace violence can take a heavy toll on a business in terms of liability, lost revenue and employee productivity. Tangible costs-medical bills, Antony fees, lost wages, security cost, rehabilitation and property damage. Intangible costs include; loss of staffs time, staff replacement, company liability, moral issues that affect productivity levels. Preventing work place violence therefore means the management of the human resource should ensure the safety of work place. Work place violence can be prevented by; being always alert-no work place is safe, understanding what the problem is, developing a violence prevention plan and responding to emergency incidents. Such policies as; violence prevention plan should be put in place, the management should be at fore in been alert on any violence incident, developing a good working environment and cultivating on maintaining good teamwork relations. This is because when there is good relation among the workers, there is low chance of violence. WS5DQ2 Federal Osha does not have jurisdiction over those employed by state, county, city or municipal governments. However, several state plans do cover such public sector employment. State with approved state plans and in accordance with section 27-a of the PESH act, New York adopts and enforce occupational safety and health standards in the public sector which are identical to OSHA’s. For instance public schools must comply with same fire protecting standard as private schools, but the standards are promulgated and enforced by the state. The California department of occupational safety and health differs with the federal OSHA agencies in the sense that, states have option to establish regulations for hazards not covered by federal standards or more stringent standards than those promulgated by OSHA, which California does. California state agencies standards cover more ground and stringent than federal OSHA’s. Mainly, California OSHA agencies differ from federal agencies in such areas as; requirement for injury and illness prevention program (IIPP), hazcom standards, permissible exposure limits (PELs) and Ergonomics. OSHA’s has continuously been involved in voluntary protection programs, which has indicated effective management of safety and health protection improvement in employees moral and productivity. WS6DQ3 The involvement of unions in social policy areas and participation in self-governing bodies of national social insurance scheme has been the role of unions in Germany. With the increased importance of private pensions, trade unions have enhanced their collective bargaining role in this area. Besides unions have seized opportunities to enhance their role in collective regulation of state imposed privatization. Trade unions over the recent years have had their membership dwindling ageing of membership and lacking support among young employees. This is because the top management or leaders in the unions have taken it as their platform to pursue their welfare as opposed to the welfare of the members in the collective bargaining. WSDQ3 The NLRB does not include coverage for all workers. These include individuals who are employed as agricultural laborers, domestic servants, parents or spouse, independent contractor, employed as supervisor, employed by an employer subject to railway labor act, employees by federal state or local government and those employed by any other person who is not an employer as defined by NLRB. These employees do not have right to form unions as other workers since they are not within the NLRB jurisdiction. In one case, NLRAB was unsure how to define ‘supervisor’. Individuals who are supervisors would not be included in the bargaining unit potentially represented by unions or allowed to vote in the elections. The court ruled that this NLRB judgment is unfair. The court said there were no statutory basis for excluding ‘’professional or technical judgment’’ from joining unions. The basis of the argument therefore is that each party in work environment has a stake in forming a labor union.

Bradshaws Theory Essay Example for Free

Bradshaws Theory Essay Bradshaw’s theory about the growth of children is very accurate. When a child experiences pain and suffering at a young age they become emotionally damaged. For example my Grandpa caused my uncle a lot of pain and guilt when he was young because my grandpa divorced by grandma and left my uncle to be the man of the house at such a young age. Today my uncle still has not forgiven my grandfather and he has trouble getting close to other people. In order for my uncle to move forward in his life he has to deal with the issue between himself and my grandfather. Erickson’s theory is if you are treated well and grow up in a warm and caring home you will be better off in life. For example ever since I was very little I have always been able to trust both of my parents especially my mom. I always turn to her for advice and tell her everything. As a result of that I try to be a very trustworthy person because I want other people to feel like they also have someone they can count on. Maslow’s hierarchies of human needs are about the differences between the things we need and the things we desire. For example we need things such as food water and air. We also need security and stability, but we desire self-resect, independence, and self-fulfillment. Although we physically couldn’t survive without the things we need we mentally could not live a happy life without the things we desire.

Leadership In Toyota Business

Leadership In Toyota Business Transformational Leadership The transformational leadership is the style of the direction in which the chief identifies the change necessary, creates a vision to direct the change with the inspiration, and carries out the change with the commission of the members of the group. Transactional leadership The transactional leadership is a term used to classify the theories formally sweat of a direction of the group which of research the interactions between the leaders and the followers make. A transactional leader is centered more one series of transactions. This person wishes to supervise towards was, to have exchange it profits with its subordinates and clarifies a direction duty with the rewards and the punishments to achieve goals. Charismatic Leadership The charismatic leadership is direction based the capacity of the chief to communicate and to be comprised manners that reach the partisans in a manner basic, emotional, to inspire and to justify. It is difficult to identify the characteristics which make with charismatic leader, but includes certainly the capacity to communicate in an emotional level very with long range, and probably includes some characteristics of the personality. Level 5 Leadership Level 5 leadership has higher level in a hierarchy of the executive capacities. The leaders in the others four levels can be right, but cannot rise with companies of the mediocrity to constant excellence. The direction of level 5 defies the catch of load that to transform with companies of what is good with large it asks chiefs. The chiefs who came towards outside in cover in the study five years from Hakes were relatively unknown out of their industries. The results appear to indicate a change of the emphases far from the hero to with what is anti-hero. Transactional leadership in Toyota Toyota provides like various example of the direction. Toyota led its success by producing a product of higher quality with the assistance of its suppliers. The company works openly with its dominant suppliers to put and increase its operation in execution. It shares the secrecies of the system of production of Toyota with the suppliers to help to reach the operation of quality and the cost which benefits all the members from the chain from source. Toyota grew at fast intervals for this period and it changed recently the third automaker more of large the world. The volume of research suggests that the chiefs transformational (Toyotas of the world) exceed with compromise chiefs (GMs) in the majority of the cases. The example conveys industry shows this on a wide timeframe. The representatives of the chain of source can wish to evaluate their own organizations and to determine the type of direction, and the ship of the partisan, currently while occurring and to make their plans related in the long run consequently. Toyota has a strong capacity of research and development as well as the capacities of manufacture being given its capacity to nourish and preserve creativity of the employee. Also, it provides flexibility in an atmosphere of the work which enough rigid and controlled. Without importing the aforesaid advantage, however, the transactional leadership has disadvantages. This conformity and a highly structured atmosphere, of the employee of the values of the model of the direction cannot often encourage creativity or the innovation of the employee. In addition, this conformity of the employee can far causing more the problems for an organization. New processes, practical, or direct structures which change the nature of directing work, suggest that it can be the important source of the competitive advantage. In this study, hearth in the innovation of management in the level of the organization and fact of research on role of the behavior of direction like antecedent of the key. Being given it prominent role in organizations, management higher than the capacity to influence the innovation of management largely. The belief, behaviors, and the capacities of the expert leaders in the mean system of management arise on the other hand and they are shown to be remarkable different from that one had by the expert representatives in conventional practices of management. The results illustrate important limitations of the models of the capacity of the direction. The development of the new capacities of the direction reframed as problem of changes-over. Gathered with kaizen, capacities that a better service the interests of a business an d its holders of dominant bets can be observed more with effectiveness. The transactional leadership with the attention with the supervision and the reinforcement behaviors of the safety of the workers were shown to be effective in the level of supervision. The average representatives need to be implied in safety and to support the opened communication, while they ensure conformity with the systems of safety. They must not prohibit with supervisors with the degree of autonomy for the initiatives of safety. The larger representatives have an influence first in the culture of the safety of the organization. They need continuously to show a commission visible with safety, indicated him better possible for the moment when they devote to the topics of safety. Give the transactional leader energy to carry out certain tasks and to reward them or to punish them by the operation of the equipment. It gives the opportunity to the person charged to lead to the group and the group decides to follow his led it to obtain an objective predetermined in exchange of a little more. Energy is given to the chief to evaluate, correct and to form with subordinates when the productivity is not until the desired effectiveness of the level and the reward when the result envisaged is reached. The transactional leadership is frequently occupied needs and instrumental or daily transactions of management (i.e. responsibility for operation or work, exchanging a favor, turning over a request) between the chief and the partisans to achieve goals of the subunit. However, the process with effectiveness to handle these needs which face is in accordance with the capacity of diagnosis and with the adaptability of the chief in style of direction. The transactional leadership is perceptibly connected with results of the leadership of the effectiveness of the leader, additional effort of the employees, and satisfaction of the employee. The transformational leadership could increase the transactional leadership to produce of them greater quantities of operation and satisfaction. Transformational leadership in Toyota Toyota uses a program of the management of credit of the vital cycle to protect from the corporative credits. By taking this innovating bringing together, Toyota makes sure that the corporative credits reach or exceed their useful life expectancy. They reached an employers sight of the EC what it can be differed, and for how long, as they estimate the impact of a reserve suggested. With proven results, Toyota revealed strong operation of the credit in a difficult economy by having the information which needs to make suitable adjustments of the percentage of availability and the reductions with their operation project. The transformational leadership functions especially well in the close relations of supervision, compared with more distant relations, and a closer supervision is often more typical in mental adjustments of health. The transformational leadership treats the direction like a characteristic of the personality or predisposition personnel rather which as behavior in which people can be sent. If the capacity to act as a transformational chief is a characteristic then which forms with people in this bringing together it is problematic. The creation of the value for all the holders of bets is still central activities of the units of business. The emphasis is in the improvement supported in the value created, led by all the employees through an integrated system of programs and initiatives, continuously supervised and determined against standards and the measurements put in execution. Division was well carried out in difficult economic circumstances. The transformational chief justifies with his effective and effective equipment to be. The communication is the base for the achievement of the objective which is centered with the group the final desired achievement of the result or the objective. This leader is highly visible and uses the chain of the commando to obtain made work. The transformational leaders are centered the large table, by needing some to be surrounded by people who take the care of the details. The chief always seeks the ideas which move the organization with the range the vision of the company. The representatives who exert practices transformational of the direction will most probably test higher tendencies for the commission of emotional and normative organization. The commission of organization of handling of the employee is important because it was related to the reduced volume of sales, with the increasing knowledge which he shared, with the increasing behaviors of organization of the citizenship and with the reduced absenteeism. The transformational leadership is different from the compromise direction because it is not inculcated in the cognitive spirit. There are some rules to put the model transformational direction in execution. These rules include the articulation of light and an attractive vision, by explaining how the vision can be obtained, to act sure and optimistic, by expressing confidence of the partisans, by using the dramatic actions, symbolic systems to accentuate the dominant values, and to lead them for example. The transformational leadership contributes to the innovation of management. Interesting, our study indicates that one smaller, less complex, favors organizations more compromise direction to carry out the innovation of management. In addition, of the larger organizations require to draw in transformational chiefs to compensate for their complexity and to allow that the innovation of management thrives. Charismatic leadership in Toyota Toyota can internally be seen like modern institutional manner, by preserving energy dynastic. In Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 it founded with the company like effect of industries of Toyota of the company of his father, and chair it today is Akio Toyoda. It would be large over-simplification to assume which a family-based structure inhibits the change and the adjustment. However, its response to its manufacture and recent problems of the strategy appear constant with a tendency to avoid the radical actions which seem threats to remove the heart with cultural values. The charismatic leaders create a direction of the goal for their organization which is of motivation and inspiring. The charismatic chiefs express things simply so that each one obtains it; they use the positive language, often stories of the use, symbols, and metaphors to obtain its point with crossing. The charismatic chiefs ask for the status quo, take risks and thrive in the innovation and change them. But in the other side it can be deprived spectacular, it creates a worship of the personality and can use towards outside with the workers. Toyota tries to balance the interests of what are stakeholders like employees, customers, suppliers, investors and the Community with the mean production. Use factors as quota of market; the product or the innovation of the service, quality etc are regarded as important parts of the total value of the business. The Charismatic leadership strongly has its effects by contracting the concepts of itself of the partisans to the interest of the mission articulated by the chief like, the (A) the behavior of charismatic chiefs and its effects the partisans, it (b) the role of the values and the orientations of the partisans in the charismatic relation, and it (c) something of the conditions of organization which support the appearance and the effectiveness of charismatic chiefs. The charismatic leaders act like model of the role for the followers, show the individualized consideration and recognize the realization of the partisan, exhibit not very conventional behavior, and show the personal risk with regard to their vision for the organization. The charismatic leader led to the investment growing in the signature, and influences it of the chief were taller when the prospects for a return of organization were more difficult. The transformational leadership provides partisans a clear direction of the goal which, is a model of the role for control moral and built the identification with the leader and his vision articulated for a sector. Level 5 leadership in Toyota Leadership, leading the organization to a vision which uses a tactical strategy definite business and directions through all the levels on the floor of the plant, fact TPM, inclination, and the vision of the work management of TPM for TPM must be aligned levels themselves higher of the organization on the floor and the suppliers of the plant. The level 5 leadership is the category of execution higher than the direction in world. They can reach splendid and durable results in the long run. With the force requires much time and personal investment of the leader but the leader does not receive personal credit. The level 5 leadership defies the catch of load that to transform with companies of what is good with large it asks chiefs. Tri-dimensional leadership in Toyota Toyota is installed in what calls the base the three-dimensional chief the dynamic operational ones of the success (COSD) which makes the culture of a large company. Since a particular system of values is the angular stone of one of highly of collaboration, and cross-pollinated, culture which gains, required PO to support with responsible representatives to carry them ahead, while ensuring itself whose behavior of the employee is constant with them. In this model, the measure of the efficiency is an evaluation of the response to the atmosphere or the results, rather which an evaluation of the initial behavior of the leader. Emotional Intelligence One defines the emotional intelligence as timidity a person, a confidence in itself, self-control, commission and integrity, and the capacity of a person to communicate, influence, and start the change and to accept the change. Three of the aspects more important than the emotional intelligence so that the capacity of a chief makes effective decisions are timidity, communication and influence, and commission and integrity. Three dominions of the capacity-emotional ability (which call EQ), the intellectual capacity (index of intelligence), and the direct capacity (MQ) which contributes to operation in the act included the supervision, the oral communication, the direction of the business, even management, and the initiative and independence. The index of intelligence is EQ, not which is given as good somebody will be carried out in work. While this does not mean that the technical abilities and the general intelligence must be made case, some studies indicated that the emotional intelligence twice is so important. When it comes to the direction, I.E. (internal excitation) is incredibly important, while differentiating between the effective and poor direction. Toyota, which invented the system of the mean production, appears to have inclined its manner with the catastrophe. The pressures to increase margins led to a series of decisions to cut a little cost to one here and a bit there in the process of the design. While each individual decision was probably justifiable, the cumulative impact appears to have made the increase in the cars of the company the fragile or fragile systems, ripe for the unexpected forces like the interaction between a carpet the stage and of an accelerator to involve a judgment of the system. While the exploration and the exploitation of knowledge represent two different activities which require corresponding adjustments of organization, the development of new product calls for a dynamic combination from both. In agreement with a systematic revision of the paradox between the exploration of knowledge and the exploitation and several strategies of resolution, research extends the construction of the ambidexterity of organization of the double structure to the ambidextrous capacities, and suggests a dialectical method to reconcile this paradox on lower levels of organization. Current requirements of leadership The development of the theory of the leadership was parallel to the development of the theory of organization. The models of the direction of liberalism, compromise and transformational explain the old paradigm of the bureaucratic organization and reinforce the new paradigm of organization for the twentieth first century. The bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of direction the liberalism and the compromise elements of the direction of management-by-the exception and the reward quota. The new station-bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms from four I of the direction transformational: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulant, motivation of what is inspirational, and influence idealized. The inferences are drawn for the roles and the necessary behavior of the future chiefs. Challenges faced by leader The leader and the organization face today with a host of the challenges of the direction. These challenges are of dropped natural. 1) Transformation: The transformation changes a long-term reality instead of work of today. The technology which it changes and a total economy are two of the principal factors, with to which the leader must face. The best put plans stops organization a structural change is frequently undermined by a lack to exist strong direction. Sail so much successfully with leaders of the transition and the organization needs to include/understand the human side of the transition and to build a culture of confidence. Like such a leader need has to want to explore and learn how from its own emotional transitions to support such efforts in others. 2) Cultural adaptability: The cultural adaptability is the goodwill and the capacity to recognize, include/understand and work with effectiveness through cultural differences. These differences can include language, the religion and with social customers, among others. While the organization arrives at being more total, the cultural adaptability changes a vital ability for directing success. 3) Management of the conflict: The difficult interactions, the dissimulated end of the organization like, the tensions and frustration can all the release of conflict in the place of work. The conflicts in progress can sabotage productivity, the co-operation and the communication. However, when the leaders handle conflict with effectiveness, the organization can test positive advantages, like decision-making better, more open and an ambient organization which stimulates creativity and the innovation. To handle conflicts, the chiefs need to learn how to recognize it and then to treat it. 4) Effective relations of the emotional intelligence: The emotional intelligence is more than hardly a word of the buzz. It is in the base of the capacity of a leader to put in connection well with others the chiefs it cannot produce the alignment of the commission and cultivate it necessary to survive and thrive at complex times. The capacity to build effective relations is one of the more important dominant components challenges of the direction. Future requirements of leadership The analysis of future condition of the direction determines the necessary critical capacities leaders to deliver in the future strategy of the organization. Once these capacities of the direction are identified, they are useful as the foundation for the significant process of the hour which must be aligned with the tools and the processes for development of the direction to deliver to the necessary leaders to carry out the future strategy. Only if the analysis of the future conditions of the direction is precise will that the remainder of the system of development of the direction is built with effectiveness and contributes to the future success of the organization. Future leader face the challenges Being given the dynamics of the business which it changes, we must start to seek new manners of developing abilities of the direction to contribute to chiefs successfully to sail the future challenges. The popular publications of business are centered in design and the innovation like contributor dominant with the success of long-term organization. 85 percent of larger leaders it were appropriate that the virtual direction is an ability necessary for the chiefs in its organizations and as agreed as the virtual direction requires various abilities which it expensive direction with face. The leaders must learn how to work through limits to collaborate with effectiveness during the years which come. Confidence and the respect are vital in the place of work, to develop these abilities for the future it will be essential to maintain with the committed and trustful labor on the long term. The development of the talent is a challenge of important organization today. The differences in the answers could be allotted to the fact that one communicated no plan of the succession by the means of organizations. The direction and the success of organization will require greater levels of the operation of each employee. To ensure we are ready for the challenge, health and the aptitude must change a hearth of our processes of the development to be dealt with the high voltage, to avoid burnout, and to maintain with completely engaged employees. (CEML): Best Practice Guide for Organizations for leadership development The Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership (CEML) to help in the United Kingdom to improve their action of the representatives and the chiefs of good quality. This particular project was directed the improvement of the direction in large corporations and was directed by a group of operation understood by the directors or executives which revealed in the principal Councils with such a responsibility. Developing leaders Who convert need hour to develop its capacities. The effective chiefs are use with models, trainers, mentors, the cars and the advisers of the role to improve. The legendary direction is reached by which they seek wisdom and knowledge their advisers, of partisans and professors. The courses of training of the abilities of the direction build their confidence and authorize their dash towards success. Leadership training programs energizing people of the organizations. The development of the direction follows and to form workshops must consolidate its capacity, align its values with authentic behaviors and enable him to attend its professionals, executives; the representatives and the heads of undertaking obtain their objectives. The development of the leadership is recognized like vital ingredient for the success of the organization, the implication of larger leaders in teaching and to learn from the future leaders was shown to be a tool with long range and effective. The leadership is to gauge the energy level of chiefs as it makes them able to learn its errors and from entertainment to be had in the place of work. The academician can make enormous contributions in the knowledge and the abilities of people who convert put in connection with the Community and the social change. Mentorship and to model role played a significant part in its development of career. Mentoring is a form of social assistance in which they match with an experienced individual and quite less informed (it protects) in order to advance the satisfaction of the development and the career of they protects and decreased alienation work, the effective socialization of the young employees, promotions and remuneration, mobility career and advances, satisfaction of the career, commission of the career, job satisfaction, and reduced to the individuals with an experiment and a knowledge of more advanced (mentors) tension of work. (CEML): Best Practice Guide for Organizations for future leadership development The Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership (CEML) to make sure that Great Britain can produce with chiefs and representatives of the future in the public and private sectors which are phosphorus for any person in the world. This will be based the following strategy of the three-filament: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To improve the request for the development of management and the direction of individuals and organizations; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By improving the source and the delivery of the abilities of management and the direction by proposing reforms with the source of education of management and direction and the drive; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The supervision not-changes in connections between the request and the source the creation of the CEML shows clearly not only the attempt of the current administration to deliver to improve the development and the drive of it of the direction of the public sector, but also that which started to develop some of the strategic structures to deliver with an aim. The CEML is clearly necessary a prospect for the government to direct, contract and improve the development of the direction and management in the organizations of the United Kingdom.